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List of bug fixes and enhancements

Planar data classification with one hidden layer

Welcome to your week 3 programming assignment. It's time to build your first neural network, which will have a hidden layer. You will see a big difference between this model and the one you implemented using logistic regression.

You will learn how to:

1 - Packages

Let's first import all the packages that you will need during this assignment.

2 - Dataset

First, let's get the dataset you will work on. The following code will load a "flower" 2-class dataset into variables X and Y.

Visualize the dataset using matplotlib. The data looks like a "flower" with some red (label y=0) and some blue (y=1) points. Your goal is to build a model to fit this data. In other words, we want the classifier to define regions as either red or blue.

You have:

- a numpy-array (matrix) X that contains your features (x1, x2)
- a numpy-array (vector) Y that contains your labels (red:0, blue:1).

Lets first get a better sense of what our data is like.

Exercise: How many training examples do you have? In addition, what is the shape of the variables X and Y?

Hint: How do you get the shape of a numpy array? (help)

Expected Output:

**shape of X** (2, 400)
**shape of Y** (1, 400)
**m** 400

3 - Simple Logistic Regression

Before building a full neural network, lets first see how logistic regression performs on this problem. You can use sklearn's built-in functions to do that. Run the code below to train a logistic regression classifier on the dataset.

You can now plot the decision boundary of these models. Run the code below.

Expected Output:

**Accuracy** 47%

Interpretation: The dataset is not linearly separable, so logistic regression doesn't perform well. Hopefully a neural network will do better. Let's try this now!

4 - Neural Network model

Logistic regression did not work well on the "flower dataset". You are going to train a Neural Network with a single hidden layer.

Here is our model:

Mathematically:

For one example $x^{(i)}$: $$z^{[1] (i)} = W^{[1]} x^{(i)} + b^{[1]}\tag{1}$$ $$a^{[1] (i)} = \tanh(z^{[1] (i)})\tag{2}$$ $$z^{[2] (i)} = W^{[2]} a^{[1] (i)} + b^{[2]}\tag{3}$$ $$\hat{y}^{(i)} = a^{[2] (i)} = \sigma(z^{ [2] (i)})\tag{4}$$ $$y^{(i)}_{prediction} = \begin{cases} 1 & \mbox{if } a^{[2](i)} > 0.5 \\ 0 & \mbox{otherwise } \end{cases}\tag{5}$$

Given the predictions on all the examples, you can also compute the cost $J$ as follows: $$J = - \frac{1}{m} \sum\limits_{i = 0}^{m} \large\left(\small y^{(i)}\log\left(a^{[2] (i)}\right) + (1-y^{(i)})\log\left(1- a^{[2] (i)}\right) \large \right) \small \tag{6}$$

Reminder: The general methodology to build a Neural Network is to:

1. Define the neural network structure ( # of input units,  # of hidden units, etc). 
2. Initialize the model's parameters
3. Loop:
    - Implement forward propagation
    - Compute loss
    - Implement backward propagation to get the gradients
    - Update parameters (gradient descent)

You often build helper functions to compute steps 1-3 and then merge them into one function we call nn_model(). Once you've built nn_model() and learnt the right parameters, you can make predictions on new data.

4.1 - Defining the neural network structure

Exercise: Define three variables:

- n_x: the size of the input layer
- n_h: the size of the hidden layer (set this to 4) 
- n_y: the size of the output layer

Hint: Use shapes of X and Y to find n_x and n_y. Also, hard code the hidden layer size to be 4.

Expected Output (these are not the sizes you will use for your network, they are just used to assess the function you've just coded).

**n_x** 5
**n_h** 4
**n_y** 2

4.2 - Initialize the model's parameters

Exercise: Implement the function initialize_parameters().

Instructions:

Expected Output:

**W1** [[-0.00416758 -0.00056267] [-0.02136196 0.01640271] [-0.01793436 -0.00841747] [ 0.00502881 -0.01245288]]
**b1** [[ 0.] [ 0.] [ 0.] [ 0.]]
**W2** [[-0.01057952 -0.00909008 0.00551454 0.02292208]]
**b2** [[ 0.]]

4.3 - The Loop

Question: Implement forward_propagation().

Instructions:

Expected Output:

0.262818640198 0.091999045227 -1.30766601287 0.212877681719

Now that you have computed $A^{[2]}$ (in the Python variable "A2"), which contains $a^{[2](i)}$ for every example, you can compute the cost function as follows:

$$J = - \frac{1}{m} \sum\limits_{i = 1}^{m} \large{(} \small y^{(i)}\log\left(a^{[2] (i)}\right) + (1-y^{(i)})\log\left(1- a^{[2] (i)}\right) \large{)} \small\tag{13}$$

Exercise: Implement compute_cost() to compute the value of the cost $J$.

Instructions:

(you can use either np.multiply() and then np.sum() or directly np.dot()).
Note that if you use np.multiply followed by np.sum the end result will be a type float, whereas if you use np.dot, the result will be a 2D numpy array. We can use np.squeeze() to remove redundant dimensions (in the case of single float, this will be reduced to a zero-dimension array). We can cast the array as a type float using float().

Expected Output:

**cost** 0.693058761...

Using the cache computed during forward propagation, you can now implement backward propagation.

Question: Implement the function backward_propagation().

Instructions: Backpropagation is usually the hardest (most mathematical) part in deep learning. To help you, here again is the slide from the lecture on backpropagation. You'll want to use the six equations on the right of this slide, since you are building a vectorized implementation.

Expected output:

**dW1** [[ 0.00301023 -0.00747267] [ 0.00257968 -0.00641288] [-0.00156892 0.003893 ] [-0.00652037 0.01618243]]
**db1** [[ 0.00176201] [ 0.00150995] [-0.00091736] [-0.00381422]]
**dW2** [[ 0.00078841 0.01765429 -0.00084166 -0.01022527]]
**db2** [[-0.16655712]]

Question: Implement the update rule. Use gradient descent. You have to use (dW1, db1, dW2, db2) in order to update (W1, b1, W2, b2).

General gradient descent rule: $ \theta = \theta - \alpha \frac{\partial J }{ \partial \theta }$ where $\alpha$ is the learning rate and $\theta$ represents a parameter.

Illustration: The gradient descent algorithm with a good learning rate (converging) and a bad learning rate (diverging). Images courtesy of Adam Harley.

Expected Output:

**W1** [[-0.00643025 0.01936718] [-0.02410458 0.03978052] [-0.01653973 -0.02096177] [ 0.01046864 -0.05990141]]
**b1** [[ -1.02420756e-06] [ 1.27373948e-05] [ 8.32996807e-07] [ -3.20136836e-06]]
**W2** [[-0.01041081 -0.04463285 0.01758031 0.04747113]]
**b2** [[ 0.00010457]]

4.4 - Integrate parts 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3 in nn_model()

Question: Build your neural network model in nn_model().

Instructions: The neural network model has to use the previous functions in the right order.

Expected Output:

**cost after iteration 0** 0.692739
$\vdots$
$\vdots$
**W1** [[-0.65848169 1.21866811] [-0.76204273 1.39377573] [ 0.5792005 -1.10397703] [ 0.76773391 -1.41477129]]
**b1** [[ 0.287592 ] [ 0.3511264 ] [-0.2431246 ] [-0.35772805]]
**W2** [[-2.45566237 -3.27042274 2.00784958 3.36773273]]
**b2** [[ 0.20459656]]

4.5 Predictions

Question: Use your model to predict by building predict(). Use forward propagation to predict results.

Reminder: predictions = $y_{prediction} = \mathbb 1 \text{{activation > 0.5}} = \begin{cases} 1 & \text{if}\ activation > 0.5 \\ 0 & \text{otherwise} \end{cases}$

As an example, if you would like to set the entries of a matrix X to 0 and 1 based on a threshold you would do: X_new = (X > threshold)

Expected Output:

**predictions mean** 0.666666666667

It is time to run the model and see how it performs on a planar dataset. Run the following code to test your model with a single hidden layer of $n_h$ hidden units.

Expected Output:

**Cost after iteration 9000** 0.218607

Expected Output:

**Accuracy** 90%

Accuracy is really high compared to Logistic Regression. The model has learnt the leaf patterns of the flower! Neural networks are able to learn even highly non-linear decision boundaries, unlike logistic regression.

Now, let's try out several hidden layer sizes.

4.6 - Tuning hidden layer size (optional/ungraded exercise)

Run the following code. It may take 1-2 minutes. You will observe different behaviors of the model for various hidden layer sizes.

Interpretation:

Optional questions:

Note: Remember to submit the assignment by clicking the blue "Submit Assignment" button at the upper-right.

Some optional/ungraded questions that you can explore if you wish:

You've learnt to:

  • Build a complete neural network with a hidden layer
  • Make a good use of a non-linear unit
  • Implemented forward propagation and backpropagation, and trained a neural network
  • See the impact of varying the hidden layer size, including overfitting.